On the Indian Knowledge Systems Calendar from IIT Kharagpur

(This article also appeared in Raiot.)

My alma mater, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) at Kharagpur, has created a condensed history of Indian knowledge systems in calendar form. Lavishly produced, it is being widely shared and praised on social media. Sadly, it brims with lies, misleading ideas, and fanciful fictions. Rather than educating to inform and delight, it seeks to inflate cultural pride by taking liberties with the truth. Let me explain.

Early India had many solid achievements in advancing knowledge but this calendar’s authors miss loads of them while twisting the rest into convoluted descriptions laced with Sanskrit jargon. For instance, they ignore the Harappans entirely—their fine urban planning, precision weights, hydraulic engineering, the first indoor toilets, and a relatively egalitarian society with no standing armies or temples. Instead, they begin with legendary Vedic sages. It’s as though they can’t acknowledge that the roots of any knowledge system could possibly lie earlier and outside of the holy Vedas. They also repeat the absurd claim that Sanskrit is ‘the root of the entire Indo-Aryan branch in Asia and systems of European languages.’ No, it’s not. Sanskrit is just another branch of the family, like Persian and Greek.

This false claim also reveals their foundational belief that Aryans did not migrate into the Subcontinent, that Vedic people were indigenous to this land and carried Sanskrit westward. There never was any scholarly justification for this belief, which was driven by ignoble motives: the creators of the Vedas have to be ‘made’ primordially indigenous to promote Hindu pride and ‘faith and fatherland’ nationalism—and to render Islam and Christianity ‘invader’ religions. But the fact is that, to the extent that the Rig Veda, Sanskrit, and priestly fire rituals are seen as foundational to Hinduism, Hinduism too is an ‘invader’ religion that arrived with the Aryans from Central Asia.

The follies continue. The calendar’s authors advance the bogus claim that the ten mandalas of the Vedas are the basis of the decimal system. ‘Sunya (cipher or zero) and Adwaita (unity or one)’ are not, as they also allege, ‘the twin basis of computational sciences today.’ This is a comical attempt to retroactively force-fit modern realities into ancient thought. This is like claiming that the inventor of the wheel deserves credit for the jumbo jet. Do they even know that the binary system actually arose much earlier in Egypt and China? Elsewhere, they hail amazing Indian feats in ‘cosmology and positional astronomy’ that they say were achieved in 4000 BCE—over a millennium before the rise of India’s first known civilization and 3500 years before its first deciphered ancient text. Why make up such nonsense when respectable achievements abound? Do they take us for dolts in pushing such howlers as: ‘Gravitation between the macrocosm (Brahmanda) and the microcosm (pinda) has been the basis of the Law of Causation’. But they go to more absurd lengths: they approvingly cite a quote claiming India, rather than Africa, as ‘the birthplace of the human race [and] human speech’!

Throughout the calendar, the authors display their penchant for authority over explanation—an approach that’s anathema to science—by relying on adulatory quotes and photos of famous white people, including many born in the 18–19th centuries, when little was known about India’s past, of which these men knew further little. As with Voltaire and Mark Twain, these men often praised things Indian for their own varied reasons; for instance, they extrapolated from fragmentary tidbits of Indica to combat their fellow countrymen drunk on the presumed supremacy of Christianity and European civilization and its destiny to rule the world.

The calendar abounds in such fakery, alongside half-truths and not-even-wrong claims. Indeed, their entire approach is dubious. Mind you, this may seem like a product of ‘WhatsApp University,’ but it’s actually the joint work of IIT Kharagpur’s Nehru Museum of Science and Technology and its new Center of Excellence for Indian Knowledge Systems, which was announced by India’s Hindu nationalist government in November 2020. The Center was launched with a three-day webinar titled—wait for it—Bharata Tirtha (‘Indian Pilgrimage’). India’s cabinet minister of education attended this tirtha. ‘We lacked nothing—in knowledge, science, talent, vision, mission, hard work,’ he asserted, ‘yet we suffered hundreds of years of painful slavery. Generations today must learn how our illustrious heritage was destroyed’ (my translation from his Hindi). The new Center, he said, symbolizes the ‘rising soul of Vishwaguru India’.

The faculty attached to the Museum and the Center, some of whom spoke at the webinar, seemed to lack disciplinary training in the history of science. One professor, nauseatingly unctuous towards ministerial authority, eulogized Syama Prasad Mukherjee, founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, precursor to the BJP, and lavishly praised an RSS stalwart and invited speaker for his crusade to ‘correct’ our history textbooks. (This stalwart, an ‘educator’ and proponent of ‘holistic education’, soon clarified that solutions to most problems already exist in our holy shastras; we just need to extract and integrate them in our curriculum.) The same professor also displayed a cloying parochialism as he voiced highlights from this calendar, presented via slides containing even more howlers: Not just zero and the decimal system, even ‘the birth of mathematics and algorithm’ occurred in India. Pythagoras of Samos, said another slide, trekked from Greece to the banks of the Ganga in sixth century BCE to learn the geometry he’s famous for! I couldn’t decide whether to laugh or cry.

Clearly, this calendar isn’t the work of scholars moved by scientific temper and its ideals of dispassionate analysis and judicious skepticism. The sensibilities that animate it diminish one’s trust in their entire endeavor, so that even the claims that are true, or seem plausible, feel tainted in their hands. It resembles classic overcompensation by a people with an inferiority complex. It reflects bad pedagogy too. All told, the calendar is unwittingly a prime illustration of why premier Indian institutes still have a long way to go before they catch up with their leading global counterparts.

Comments

[Umrah Kumar Dubey]

I agree with Namit. I am not proud, I am shocked at this artificial creation, created to bring happiness to certain types of narrow minded people

[Harsh Varia]

Can u write a detailed blog post on pointing out each and every claim and inaccuracies in the calender if possible.

[Namit]

Harsh Varia:

I've more than doubled my piece since your comment, but it's not my job to point out all inaccuracies. Ideally, bona fide scholars (of history of science) should take this up. I've tried to focus on the glaring errors that also shed light on the foundational assumptions and unscholarly sensibilities that inform this enterprise. I can live with honest errors of fact and interpretation, but, as I've tried to show, this goes far beyond that.

[Namit]

Another critique of this calendar, by Rajesh Kochhar—"an astrophysicist turned historian of science" has just appeared in Scroll.

Why an IIT Kharagpur calendar aiming to highlight traditional Indian knowledge has irked experts
"Respect for fact, the separation of fact from fiction, critical evaluation of various types of texts, and the intellectual probity are missing."

[MAYURI]

Happy to find your post, finally someone speaking up !! It was so frustrating to see that calendar with the stamp of an IIT to blatantly promote pseudoscience. Even more frustrating is to see our so called scholars keeping quiet.